Subject-Verb Agreement: The Crucial Link to Clear and Effective Communication
I. Introduction
Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental grammatical concept that ensures harmony and clarity in sentences. This grammatical rule dictates that the verb in a sentence must agree in number with its subject. In other words, a singular subject should be paired with a singular verb, and a plural subject should be matched with a plural verb. Mastering the Subject-Verb Agreement is crucial for constructing grammatically correct sentences and conveying ideas accurately.
A. Explanation of Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-verb agreement refers to the grammatical rule that governs the relationship between the subject and the verb in a sentence. The agreement is based on the number (singular or plural) of the subject. When the subject is singular, the verb must also be in the singular form, and when the subject is plural, the verb should be in the plural form. This agreement ensures clarity and coherence in sentences, enabling readers and listeners to understand the intended message without confusion.
B. Importance of Correct Subject-Verb Agreement
Maintaining a proper Subject-Verb Agreement is essential to prevent ambiguity and miscommunication in written and spoken language. Incorrect agreement can lead to sentences that are grammatically flawed and difficult to comprehend. In academic and professional contexts, accurate grammar demonstrates a strong command of the language and enhances the credibility of the speaker or writer. Incorrect subject-verb agreement can distract from the content of the message, potentially leading to misunderstandings and a lack of clarity.
C. Purpose of the Outline
The purpose of this outline is to provide a structured guide to understanding and mastering the concept of Subject-Verb Agreement. By breaking down the key components, challenges, and exceptions related to this grammatical rule, the outline aims to equip learners with the knowledge and skills necessary to construct grammatically correct sentences. Through explanations, examples, and strategies, the outline will empower individuals to communicate effectively and confidently by ensuring that subjects and verbs align seamlessly, creating sentences that accurately convey their intended meaning.
II. Basic Concepts of Subject-Verb Agreement
A. Definition of Subject and Verb
At the core of subject-verb agreement lies a clear understanding of what constitutes a subject and a verb in a sentence. The subject is the main element that performs the action or is described in the sentence. It typically answers the question “who” or “what.” On the other hand, the verb is the action or state of being that the subject performs or experiences. Recognizing and correctly identifying these key components is essential to ensuring proper agreement.
B. Singular Subjects and Singular Verbs
When the subject is singular (referring to one person, place, thing, or idea), the verb must also be singular to maintain agreement. This creates a harmonious relationship between the subject and the action. Let’s delve into this concept further:
1. Examples and Explanation:
- Singular Subject: The cat (subject)
- Singular Verb: jumps (verb)
- Explanation: In this sentence, the singular subject “cat” is paired with the singular verb “jumps,” showcasing proper subject-verb agreement.
C. Plural Subjects and Plural Verbs
In cases where the subject is plural (referring to more than one person, place, thing, or idea), the verb should also be plural to maintain the agreement. This ensures that the action aligns with the subject’s plurality.
1. Examples and Explanation:
- Plural Subject: The dogs (subject)
- Plural Verb: bark (verb)
- Explanation: Here, the plural subject “dogs” corresponds with the plural verb “bark,” demonstrating correct subject-verb agreement.
By grasping the interplay between singular and plural subjects and their corresponding verbs, you’ll lay a solid foundation for mastering subject-verb agreement. This knowledge forms the basis for constructing grammatically sound sentences that effectively communicate your ideas.
Singular Subjects and Singular Verbs:
Examples and Explanation:
- The cat jumps over the fence.
- Here, the singular subject “the cat” is paired with the singular verb “jumps.”
- Every student must attend the lecture.
- The singular subject “every student” corresponds with the singular verb “must attend.”
- The movie starts at 7 PM.
- In this sentence, the singular subject “the movie” takes the singular verb “starts.”
- My friend is coming to the party.
- The singular subject “my friend” agrees with the singular verb “is coming.”
- The book on the shelf belongs to Sarah.
- Here, the singular subject “the book” is matched with the singular verb “belongs.”
- The sun rises in the east.
- The singular subject “the sun” takes the singular verb “rises.”
- Each student received a certificate.
- In this sentence, the singular subject “each student” is paired with the singular verb “received.”
- The restaurant serves delicious food.
- The singular subject “the restaurant” corresponds with the singular verb “serves.”
- The flower blooms in spring.
- Here, the singular subject “the flower” is matched with the singular verb “blooms.”
- The dog barks at strangers.
- The singular subject “the dog” takes the singular verb “barks.”
Plural Subjects and Plural Verbs:
Examples and Explanation:
- The students study diligently for their exams.
- In this sentence, the plural subject “the students” is paired with the plural verb “study.”
- Several cars were parked in the lot.
- The plural subject “several cars” agrees with the plural verb “were parked.”
- My friends are planning a trip.
- Here, the plural subject “my friends” is matched with the plural verb “are planning.”
- Those books belong to the library.
- The plural subject “those books” corresponds with the plural verb “belong.”
- The birds sing melodiously in the morning.
- In this sentence, the plural subject “the birds” is paired with the plural verb “sing.”
- Many people attend the annual festival.
- The plural subject “many people” agrees with the plural verb “attend.”
- The flowers in the garden are blooming.
- Here, the plural subject “the flowers” is matched with the plural verb “are blooming.”
- The students participate in various activities.
- The plural subject “the students” corresponds with the plural verb “participate.”
- The cats chase each other around the yard.
- In this sentence, the plural subject “the cats” is paired with the plural verb “chase.”
- The employees work hard to meet deadlines.
- The plural subject “the employees” takes the plural verb “work.”
Let’s analyze the sentence “The cat jumped over the fence” to understand the reason for using the past tense verb “jumped” instead of the present tense verb “jumps.”
In this sentence, the subject is “the cat,” and the verb is “jumped.” The choice of the past tense verb “jumped” indicates that the action of jumping occurred in the past. This implies that the cat has already completed the action of jumping over the fence. Here’s the breakdown:
- Subject: The cat
- Verb: jumped
The use of the past tense “jumped” provides a clear timeline of when the action happened. If we were to use the present tense verb “jumps,” the sentence would describe an ongoing or habitual action, which might not accurately reflect the intended meaning. Here’s an example using the present tense:
“The cat jumps over the fence every morning.”
In this case, the use of “jumps” indicates that the action is a regular occurrence, happening repeatedly.
In summary, the choice of verb tense depends on the intended meaning and the timeframe of the action. In the sentence “The cat jumped over the fence,” the past tense “jumped” signifies that the cat completed the action of jumping in the past.
This set of examples and explanations illustrates the correct usage of singular subjects and verbs, as well as plural subjects and verbs in sentences.
III. Common Challenges in Subject-Verb Agreement
Navigating subject-verb agreement becomes more intricate when dealing with various grammatical nuances. The following are common challenges that warrant special attention:
A. Compound Subjects
Compound subjects, which consist of two or more subjects connected by conjunctions like “and” or “or,” require a specific approach to ensure proper agreement.
1. Agreement Rules for Compound Subjects: When the compound subjects are joined by “and,” the verb is usually plural. When joined by “or” or “nor,” the verb agrees with the subject closer to it.
2. Examples:
- Compound Subject: John and Maria (subject)
- Plural Verb: are (verb)
- Explanation: The plural verb “are” agrees with the compound subject “John and Maria.”
B. Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
Indefinite pronouns (e.g., everyone, someone, nobody) are singular or plural based on their meaning and context.
1. Agreement Rules for Indefinite Pronouns: Most indefinite pronouns are singular and require singular verbs. However, pronouns like “both,” “few,” and “several” are plural and require plural verbs.
2. Examples:
- Indefinite Pronoun: Everyone (subject)
- Singular Verb: is (verb)
- Explanation: The singular verb “is” aligns with the singular indefinite pronoun “everyone.”
C. Collective Nouns
Collective nouns, referring to a group as a single entity, can take singular or plural verbs based on the context.
1. Singular or Plural Verbs with Collective Nouns: If the emphasis is on the unity of the group, use a singular verb. If the focus is on individual members, opt for a plural verb.
2. Examples:
- Collective Noun: The team (subject)
- Singular Verb: is (verb)
- Explanation: The singular verb “is” emphasizes the team’s unity as a collective entity.
D. Subjects Separated by Prepositional Phrases
Subjects separated by prepositional phrases can lead to agreement challenges.
1. Agreement Rules with Prepositional Phrases: The verb agrees with the subject, not the noun in the prepositional phrase.
2. Examples:
- Subject with Prepositional Phrase: The book on the table (subject)
- Singular Verb: is (verb)
- Explanation: The singular verb “is” matches the singular subject “The book.”
Mastering these nuances within subject-verb agreement equips you to construct grammatically precise sentences that reflect your command over the language.
IV. Special Cases in Subject-Verb Agreement
Navigating subject-verb agreement requires finesse when subjects are linked by specific conjunctions or when quantifiers modify the subject. Here are critical insights into these special cases:
A. Agreement with Subjects Joined by “and”
When subjects are joined by the conjunction “and,” special agreement considerations come into play.
1. Agreement Rules for Subjects Joined by “and”: When subjects are joined by “and,” the verb is usually plural, regardless of whether the individual subjects are singular or plural.
2. Examples:
- Subjects Joined by “and”: John and his friends (subject)
- Plural Verb: are (verb)
- Explanation: The plural verb “are” aligns with the combined subjects “John and his friends.”
B. Agreement with Subjects Joined by “or,” “nor,” “either…or,” “neither…nor”
When subjects are connected by correlative conjunctions, unique rules for agreement apply.
1. Agreement Rules for Subjects Joined by Correlative Conjunctions: With “or,” “nor,” “either…or,” or “neither…nor,” the verb agrees with the subject closer to it.
2. Examples:
- Subjects Joined by “or”: Neither the cat nor the dogs (subject)
- Plural Verb: bark (verb)
- Explanation: The plural verb “bark” agrees with the plural subject “dogs.”
C. Subjects with “Each,” “Every,” “None,” “Some,” “Many,” etc.
Quantifiers influence the agreement based on whether the emphasis is on individuality or collective groups.
1. Agreement Rules for Specific Quantifiers: For “each,” “every,” “none,” “some,” “many,” etc., the verb agrees with the noun modified by the quantifier.
2. Examples:
- Subject with “Each”: Each student (subject)
- Singular Verb: has (verb)
- Explanation: The singular verb “has” corresponds to the singular subject “student.”
These special scenarios in subject-verb agreement showcase the intricate dance between linguistic elements. By understanding these nuances, you elevate your language proficiency and ensure grammatical precision in diverse sentence structures.
V. Tricky Situations and Exception Cases
In the realm of subject-verb agreement, certain situations and exceptions challenge conventional rules. Delve into these intricacies to refine your understanding of the language:
A. Titles, Names, and Words as Subjects
When titles, names, or other words function as subjects, nuanced agreement considerations arise.
1. Special Agreement Considerations: Titles, names, and words functioning as singular subjects take singular verbs, even if they may refer to multiple individuals or concepts.
2. Examples:
- Title as Subject: “War and Peace” (subject)
- Singular Verb: is (verb)
- Explanation: The singular verb “is” aligns with the singular title “War and Peace.”
B. Plural Nouns with Singular Meanings
Certain nouns may appear plural but are, in essence, treated as singular due to their collective nature.
1. Nouns That Seem Plural but Are Treated as Singular: Nouns like “team,” “committee,” “family,” and “group” appear plural but often take singular verbs due to their single-entity connotation.
2. Examples:
- Plural-Looking Noun: The team (subject)
- Singular Verb: plays (verb)
- Explanation: Despite the plural appearance of “team,” the singular verb “plays” aligns with its collective entity.
By unraveling these intricate exceptions and tricky scenarios within subject-verb agreement, you cultivate an astute grasp of the language’s nuances. This acumen empowers you to wield language effectively, even in situations that challenge conventional grammar rules.
VI. Strategies to Improve Subject-Verb Agreement Skills
Strengthening your grasp of subject-verb agreement requires a combination of practice, observation, and refinement. Employ these strategies to elevate your language proficiency:
A. Regular Practice Exercises
Engage in consistent practice exercises designed to challenge your understanding of subject-verb agreement rules.
B. Reading and Identifying Correct Agreement
Read a diverse range of texts and focus on identifying correct subject-verb agreement patterns in sentences.
C. Proofreading Techniques
Develop effective proofreading techniques that help you spot and rectify subject-verb agreement errors in your writing.
D. Seeking Feedback and Correction
Share your writing with peers, teachers, or language experts who can provide constructive feedback on your subject-verb agreement usage.
By embracing these strategies, you’ll refine your ability to navigate the intricacies of subject-verb agreement, enhancing the precision and eloquence of your written and spoken communication.
VII. Conclusion
As you conclude your journey through the realm of subject-verb agreement, remember that this grammatical cornerstone is pivotal for effective communication. Here’s a recap of the key takeaways and a reminder of the significance of mastering this essential skill:
A. Recap of Key Points
Throughout this exploration, you’ve delved into the intricate dance between subjects and verbs, unraveling their harmonious agreement based on singular and plural forms. You’ve encountered diverse scenarios, from compound subjects to indefinite pronouns, and gained insight into navigating challenging situations and exceptions.
B. Emphasis on Achieving Clear and Effective Communication
Subject-verb agreement transcends mere grammar rules. It serves as a bridge to clear and effective communication. Accurate agreement ensures that your sentences flow smoothly, conveying ideas accurately and minimizing confusion for your readers or listeners.
C. Encouragement to Master Subject-Verb Agreement for Strong Language Skills
As you continue your linguistic journey, embrace the art of subject-verb agreement as an essential tool for honing your language skills. Mastering this nuanced aspect of grammar empowers you to communicate eloquently and persuasively. With dedication, practice, and a keen eye for detail, you’re well on your way to crafting sentences that resonate with clarity, coherence, and linguistic finesse.
Exercise: Identify the Subject and Verb
For each sentence, identify the subject and the verb.
- The cat jumps over the fence.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Many students enjoy reading.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Neither the dog nor the cat is allowed indoors.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Each of the books needs to be returned by Friday.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The committee meets every Wednesday.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Both the actor and the actress were applauded for their performances.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The mountain range extends across several states.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Some of the guests have already arrived.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The team practices diligently every day.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- War and Peace is a classic novel.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Neither the teachers nor the students are in the classroom.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The family plans to go on a vacation.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Several people were waiting in line.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Every student must complete the assignment.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The group of musicians plays beautiful melodies.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Each of the students has a unique talent.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The news is broadcast on television.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The dogs bark loudly at night.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The company produces high-quality products.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Many apples fell from the tree.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- None of the options seems appealing.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Some of the cars are parked illegally.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The jury is still deliberating.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The president and the vice president attend the meeting.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The collection of old coins is impressive.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Many students were excited about the field trip.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Both the cat and the dog were adopted from the shelter.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The team captain and the coach lead the practice session.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- The book on the shelf belongs to my sister.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
- Each of the paintings tells a unique story.
- Subject: _______________
- Verb: _______________
Here are the answers to the exercise:
- Subject: The cat / Verb: jumps
- Subject: Many students / Verb: enjoy
- Subject: Neither the dog nor the cat / Verb: is
- Subject: Each of the books / Verb: needs
- Subject: The committee / Verb: meets
- Subject: Both the actor and the actress / Verb: were
- Subject: The mountain range / Verb: extends
- Subject: Some of the guests / Verb: have
- Subject: The team / Verb: practices
- Subject: War and Peace / Verb: is
- Subject: Neither the teachers nor the students / Verb: are
- Subject: The family / Verb: plans
- Subject: Several people / Verb: were
- Subject: Every student / Verb: must complete
- Subject: The group of musicians / Verb: plays
- Subject: Each of the students / Verb: has
- Subject: The news / Verb: is broadcast
- Subject: The dogs / Verb: bark
- Subject: The company / Verb: produces
- Subject: Many apples / Verb: fell
- Subject: None of the options / Verb: seems
- Subject: Some of the cars / Verb: are parked
- Subject: The jury / Verb: is deliberating
- Subject: The president and the vice president / Verb: attend
- Subject: The collection of old coins / Verb: is
- Subject: Many students / Verb: were excited
- Subject: Both the cat and the dog / Verb: were adopted
- Subject: The team captain and the coach / Verb: lead
- Subject: The book / Verb: belongs
- Subject: Each of the paintings / Verb: tells
Multiple-Choice Test: Subject-Verb Agreement
Choose the correct answer for each question.
Agreement Rules for Compound Subjects:
- John and his friends _____ planning a surprise party. a) is b) are (c) was d) were
- Neither the dog nor the cat _____ to go outside. a) wants b) want ( c) is wanting d) are wanting
- The teacher and the students _____ together on the project. a) works b) work c) is working d) are working
Agreement Rules for Indefinite Pronouns:
- Everybody _____ excited about the upcoming event. a) is b) are c) have d) has
- Several of the books _____ missing from the library. a) is b) are ( c) has d) have
- None of the options _____ suitable for me. a) is b) are c) have d) has
Singular or Plural Verbs with Collective Nouns:
- The committee _____ reaching a decision soon. a) is b) are c) was d) were
- The family _____ going on a vacation. a) is b) are c) was d) were
- The herd of cattle _____ grazing in the field. a) is (Correct) b) are c) was d) were
Agreement Rules with Prepositional Phrases:
- The book on the shelf _____ interesting. a) is b) are c) were d) am
- The paintings in the gallery _____ breathtaking. a) is b) are c) was d) were
- The students in the classroom _____ attentive. a) is b) are c) was d) were
Answers:
- b) are
- b) want
- b) work
- a) is
- b) are
- a) is
- a) is
- a) is
- a) is
- a) is
- b) are
- b) are
Quiz: Special Cases in Subject-Verb Agreement
Choose the correct answer for each question.
Agreement with Subjects Joined by “and”:
a) is b) are c) were d) was
- John and his sister _____ going to the party.
- The book and the pen _____ on the table.
- The cat and the dog _____ playing in the garden.
Agreement with Subjects Joined by Correlative Conjunctions:
- Neither the teacher nor the students _____ present today.
- Either the cake or the cookies _____ delicious.
- Both the actor and the actress _____ talented.
Agreement Rules for Specific Quantifiers:
- Each of the students _____ received a prize. a) has b) have c) is having d) are having
- Every book _____ a unique story to tell. a) has b) have c) is having d) are having
- None of the candidates _____ qualified for the job. a) is ( b) are c) was d) were
Examples:
- Many of the apples _____ ripe. a) is b) are ( c) has d) have
- Some of the guests _____ already arrived. a) is b) are c) has d) have
- A few of the employees _____ attending the conference. a) is b) are c) has d) have
Answers:
- b) are
- b) are
- b) are
- b) are
- b) are
- b) are
- a) has
- a) has
- a) are
- b) are
- b) are
- b) are
FURTHER PRACTICE
Subject Verb Agreement (nova.edu)
Microsoft Word – Packet6.doc (sfponline.org)
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